A finance ministry, or treasury department, is the executive office of a governmental department for financial affairs. Its usual responsibilities include tax collection and management of the government budget. It may also have responsibility for currency production, depending on the monetary system.

The ministry has departmental responsibility for public finances. A tax office can administer revenue collection without itself being the executive office of the finance department.

A central bank has a separate monetary role. Responsibility for producing currency varies between systems, so currency printing alone does not identify a finance ministry.